I know there have been comments in the past that this could make XNview more crash prone, but if this is all configurable, it could be left turned off as default and only turned on by the adventurous users who would like to use it / beta test it.įinal stage would be to mimic video sharing sites where an animated gif or something is created for each video that animates on mouse over, but that is just wishful thinking. Like I said I know XNviewers main aim is not for video, but the frame work for the above appears already mostly been put in place. Maybe you would want bigger thumbnails with more captures, like 6, etc. So say if you have enough storage space, processing power, etc. The next improvement would be to allow users to define the percentages through the video the captures are taken, as happens if the thumbnail is set to single frame capture mode.Īfter that allowing users to define the amount of captures taken per video. The first improvement would be to change the first frame to something like 5% as for some videos the first frame is black, so that is 1 of the 4 captures showing nothing. The times on the video when the captures are taken are hard coded to be captured at frame 0, then 25% through, 50% and 75%, it looks like. I think it might be time that this part of the program get a lick of paint and a freshen. That was a great improvement, but has not really moved forwards since then. So a few years ago, the feature got added that thumbnails could be made up of multiple snap shots from the file. I know XNview is primarily a photo view and editor, but the frame work is already pretty much there. I wanted to request an improvement of how videos are displayed as thumbnails.
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In 1966, her poetry volume The Circle Game was published, and it won Canada’s Governor General’s Award the following year. From 1967 through 1970, Atwood taught at several different Canadian universities. She taught English from 1964 to 1965 at the University of British Columbia, then returned to Harvard and eventually completed all the requirements for her doctorate except for the dissertation. However, in 1963, she left Harvard and returned to Canada to focus her attention on Canadian literature. from Harvard in 1962 and began to work toward her Ph.D. She also won a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship to study English at Radcliffe College, which is part of Harvard University. In the year of her graduation from Victoria College, Atwood won the E. As a young poet, she was an active member of the literary scene, which included giving readings at coffeehouses and contributing reviews, poems, and parodies to the college newspaper. While attending Victoria College, University of Toronto, from 1957 to 1961, she wrote for the newspaper and the dramatic society. She wrote prose and poetry for her high school’s literary magazine. These early experiences away from urban society encouraged Atwood to read and develop her imagination.Īs a child, Atwood composed and illustrated poems, which she collected into small books. Her family spent the school year in Ottawa and Toronto, where her father taught entomology or worked for government agencies, and summers in northern Quebec and Ontario where her father conducted research. Her childhood was divided between the city and the country. Margaret Atwood was born on November 18,1939, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. At the same time, she challenges other writers to more closely examine typical literary convention. She defined the artist, in part, as “the guardian of the moral and ethical sense of the community.” In “Happy Endings,” Atwood fulfills this role with a challenge that she throws out to those writers who rely on the stereotypical characterization of men and women and to the reader who accepts such gender typing. In earlier works, including the novel Bodily Harm, as well as speeches, Atwood discusses the writer’s relationship to society. In several thumbnail sketches of different marriages, all of which achieve a traditional “happy ending,” Atwood references both the mechanics of writing, most particularly plot, and the effects of gender stereotyping. “Happy Endings,” which is essentially a self-referential story framework, falls into the third category. Subtitled “Short Fiction and Prose Poems,” Murder in the Dark featured four types of works: autobiographical sketches, travel notes, experimental pieces addressing the nature of writing, and short pieces dealing with typical Atwood themes, notably the relationship between the sexes. Full disclosure: I am an Amazon Affiliate and if you buy anything through the links, I will earn a commission.Margaret Atwood’s “Happy Endings” first appeared in the 1983 Canadian collection, Murder in the Dark, and it was published in 1994 for American audiences in Good Bones and Simple Murders. I hope you enjoyed the deals that were listed above. This is still in the early stages and I will be experimenting with this format a bit. If you aren’t sure how you feel about audiobooks, then this is a great way to find out! After three months, you can cancel and won’t have to pay a dime or if you enjoyed the service, you could sign up afterwards! Click the link below for your free trial! Try Audible Plus Book Recommendationsĭid you enjoy the books that were presented? Is there a certain genre you want to see? Let me know in the comments below. The Paris Apartment: A Novel Paperback by Lucy Foley on sale for $12.99 Audible Three Month Free TrailĪudible is currently offering a three month free trial for the Audiobook platform. Obama said the words but it feels as if Obama only wishes to believe what he once firmly believed.Ĭonventional wisdom has it that a figure who had seemed a classic “idealist” in foreign-policy terms has come to savor the bitter truths of realism. “We reject fatalism or cynicism when it comes to human affairs,” he said, clenching his left hand as he often unconsciously does at moments of conviction “we choose to work for the world as it should be.” And he turned, figuratively, to speak to “young people across the Muslim world,” as he had in his 2009 speech in Cairo, seeking to conjure a different kind of future by addressing those who would build that future. One could still hear, in the September speech, echoes from that earlier time when Obama’s hair was dark and his hopes were bright. The president has been well and truly mugged by reality. The tribune of hope and change now speaks modestly of hitting singles and doubles. The president who once fixed his gaze, and that of his audience, on the global problems looming on the horizon now speaks of urgent crises requiring instant action. The president who once made an open-handed offer to the world now delivers a harsh challenge. To go back and read the foreign-policy addresses Obama has delivered since the 2008 campaign is to witness a struggle between strong a priori convictions and a tidal wave of adversity. The world that Barack Obama confronts today is a barely recognizable version of the one he faced, or perhaps thought he was facing, in 2009. This time, the president was not interrupted even once for applause. “If young people live in places where the only option is between the dictates of a state, or the lure of an extremist underground,” he said, “no counterterrorism strategy can succeed.” He did not say, and did not need to say, that this was precisely the choice all too many of them now had to make. Yet it would be up to others, and above all to the Muslim world, to change the conditions that had allowed terrorism to flourish. The United States would organize a coalition to mount a military campaign against the jihadi “network of death” known as the Islamic State. “We will impose a cost on Russia for aggression” in Ukraine, he said. The United States, he declared, was prepared to play its traditional role as the guardian of global order. The presiding metaphor of this speech was the “crossroads” at which the world stood - between “war and peace” and between “fear and hope.” He had come to lay down a challenge to the world. He had a very different message to deliver than he had at the outset of his tenure. His hair had gone gray his long, narrow face had become a few notches more taut. In September 2014, Obama delivered his sixth speech to the United Nations. Obama was interrupted by applause 12 times. Bush, had often acted “unilaterally, without regard for the interests of others.” This, he said, had proved self-defeating, for “in the year 2009 - more than at any point in human history - the interests of nations and peoples are shared.” The dominant metaphor of his address was the “bargain” that America was prepared to strike with other nations on the great global issues of nuclear nonproliferation, climate change, economic development, and the like. The first time President Barack Obama addressed the United Nations General Assembly, in 2009, he openly acknowledged what virtually everyone in the audience felt: that America under his predecessor, George W. If copy and paste stopped working on your Mac no matter what app you’re using, there might be something wrong with the Pboard (or Pasteboard) server. It’s a good thing that there are some troubleshooting steps that you can follow to fix this problem if it happens to you. Unfortunately, no matter how good the Mac is, at some point, the copy and paste functionality could malfunction. How to Fix When Copy and Paste Is Not Working on Mac Meanwhile, our comprehensive guide helps master copy and paste functionality on Mac keyboard. Some apps may offer the option Paste Special instead. Select a file or text, select Edit on the menu bar, then select either Cut, Copy, Paste, or Paste and Match Style. Select Copy, then right-click again to where you want to paste the text or item and select Paste.įinally, you can also copy and paste using the Mac menu bar. That is, highlight the text or choose the item you want to copy, then right-click to reveal the context menu. Now, if you’re not a fan of Mac shortcut keys, you can always copy and paste using the longer way. An alternative to the copy command is the cut command which you can execute by pressing Command + X. Then to paste it somewhere else on your Mac, maybe in another app, you simply press the Command + V keys. In case you haven’t used it in a very long time and have forgotten how to do it, you can copy text or other items by using the Command + C keys. But if it did and you don’t know what to do about it, read along through this quick tutorial on how to fix when you’re unable to copy and paste text or items on your Mac. If this hasn’t happened to you yet, well and good. I’m talking about the copy and paste function not working on Mac. IOS 16.1 remains in beta testing and is expected to be released later this month.Here’s another perennial issue that you may have experienced already while using your Mac. The prompt does not appear when a user selects the "Paste" option in the menu that pops up after highlighting text or interacts with apps that have paste buttons based on the UIPasteControl framework. Last month, an Apple engineer said the copy-and-paste permission prompt only appears when an app attempts to access the clipboard directly. Note that the menu does not appear for apps that have never requested clipboard permission. The menu gives users more granular control and flexibility over the copy-and-paste permission prompts, which should help make the privacy feature less of a nuisance. Allow: The app can paste content from other apps without asking for permission again.Deny: The app cannot paste content from other apps.Ask: The app must continue to request permission to paste content from other apps.The menu presents users with three options: The menu can be found in the Settings app → → Paste from Other Apps. In the Settings app on the fourth beta of iOS 16.1 and later, a new "Paste from Other Apps" menu appears for apps that have previously asked for permission to paste content from another app. Apple released iOS 16.0.2 with a fix for the issue and other bugs in late September.Īpple has continued to refine the copy-and-paste feature in the weeks since. IOS 16 introduced a new privacy feature that requires apps to receive a user's permission before directly accessing their iPhone's clipboard to paste text from other apps, but some users experienced an issue that caused the prompt to appear excessively. I'm out of ideas on how to make PHP use the ImageMagick 7. I even tried to remove the ImageMagick 6.9.7 and the PHP-Imagick extension, I thought that by reinstalling the extension with only one version available, it will somehow point at that but the extension couldn't be installed without ImageMagick6. Imagick using ImageMagick library version ImageMagick 6.9.7-4 Q16 x86_64 20170114 Imagick compiled with ImageMagick version ImageMagick 6.9.7-4 Q16 x86_64 20170114 Imagick classes Imagick, ImagickDraw, ImagickPixel, ImagickPixelIterator, ImagickKernel Magick -version shows the right one: Version: ImageMagick 7.0.10-22 Q16 x86_64 Ĭopyright: © 1999-2020 ImageMagick Studio LLCĭelegates (built-in): jng jp2 jpeg png xml zlibīut in phpinfo() it shows: imagick module version 3.4.4 The results of the two as very close, but as ' -blur ' is a faster algorithm, it is generally preferred to the former even though the former is more mathematically correct. The ' -gaussian-blur ' spread and ' -blur '. IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,įITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.I have Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS which comes with ImageMagick 6.9.7 by default and I wanted ImageMagick to process jp2 images so I installed libopenjp2-7-dev and also installed imagemagick7 from source like this: wget Their are two general image blurring operators in ImageMagick. THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included inĪll copies or substantial portions of the Software. The typical use case for this high speed Node. libvips is used as an image processing engine by sharp (on node. Once you downloaded the correct files: Extract from phpimagick-.zip the phpimagick.dll file, and save it to the ext directory of your PHP installation Extract from phpimagick. Full bindings are available for Ruby, Python, PHP . How to install the ImageMagick PHP extension in Windows. It comes with bindings for C, C++, and the command-line. To use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sellĬopies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software isįurnished to do so, subject to the following conditions: It can also load images via ImageMagick or GraphicsMagick, letting it load formats like DICOM. In the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights Of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy Note: jimp does not support Lanczos 3, bicubic resampling used instead. gm(). Decompress a 2725x2225 JPEG image, resize to 720x588 using Lanczos 3 resampling (where available), then compress to JPEG at a 'quality' setting of 80. In the first image, an artifact that is 10x10 pixels may end up being less than a single pixel in size when its downsized. This introduces artifacts, which are imperfections in the image. JPEG is a lossy format, which means that data is thrown out in order to get smaller file sizes. crop ( ) License (MIT)Ĭopyright (c) 2010-2012 Rasmus Andersson If gm does not supply you with a method you need or does not work as you'd like, you can simply use gm().in() or gm().out() to set your own arguments. The problem to me looks like one of compression quality. The two are scheduled to fight at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami on June 12. McBroom's YouTube channel, The ACE Family, has 19 million subscribers, while Hall has 19.9 million followers on TikTok. Their teams struggled to separate them, but eventually succeeded in stopping the brawl. The two were grabbing ahold of each other as Hall went to the floor. The referee interrupted the fight multiple times to tell Hall to keep the fight clean. Hall and McBroom were promoting their upcoming June 12 fight at the Fred Segal store in West Hollywood Tuesday when the event took a chaotic turn.Īs McBroom was talking, Hall suddenly rushed his opponent, leading to a scuffle between the two. 10:56 p.m.: Bryce Hall had a point deducted by the referee after he attempted to pick up Austin McBroom. (KABC) - A violent brawl erupted between TikTok star Bryce Hall and YouTuber Austin McBroom during a press conference ahead of their celebrity boxing match. A near-capacity crowd filled out the 11,000-seat venue to watch the spectacle, which also feared Dodson's younger brother Eric and a host of local talent.A violent brawl erupted in West Hollywood between TikTok star Bryce Hall and YouTuber Austin McBroom during a press conference ahead of their celebrity boxing match. The card was headlined by hometown favourite and UFC legend John Dodson, who fought Jeremy Riggs for the inaugural BKFC flyweight title. "I always claimed to be a f***ing fighter!" Fans were able to stream the fight on Live X Live PPV for 49.99. McBroom threw swift combinations at the 21-year-old social media sensation. The headlining fight was between the ACE Family's Austin McBroom and TikTok's Bryce Hall. Boxing AustinMcBroom AnEsonGibListen to the full. Austin McBroom was able to dominate Bryce Hall over the course of the entire fight. UFC 217: James Vick Wants To Fight Winner Of Pettis Vs. Jens Pulver Jokes That UFC Hall of Fame Induction Brings 'PTSD Of Fighting' - MMA Fighting. "I just have to finalise this speech by saying 'I am a fighter, I am a boxer'," he joked, harkening back to the often-memed pre-fight interview he gave before that loss to McBroom. Influencers Bryce Hall and Austin McBroom fight at Miamis Hard Rock Stadium during LiveXLives. Austin McBroom Says He’ll Knockout Bryce Hall This Weekend. He is expected to return soon, telling Mirror Fighting this week that he is keen to face McBroom again with gloves. Who should Bryce Hall fight next? Let us know your thoughts in the comments section below!Īnd after showing respect for his opponent, who had piled on more than 30lb for the bout, Hall reiterated his infamous "I'm not a boxer" speech, correcting it to prove he is indeed a fighter. The veteran fighter appeared to be suffering from an injury to his forearm likely suffered during the takedown, and opted against emerging for the third round. Hall had promised a viral knockout in the second round, but the stanza ended up relatively uneventful as he continued his forward pressure on Perez. And the pair began taunting one another as the round continued, with their antics continuing into the second. Austin McBroom, mens tournamentThe main event between Austin McBroom and Bryce Hall is up next. Bryce Hall Vs Austin McBroom - Full Fight HD - SPORT ZONE Follow Browse more videos Playing next 27:16 Austin McBroom Says He’ll Knockout Bryce Hall This Weekend Barstool Sports 6:20 Jens Pulver Jokes That UFC Hall of Fame Induction Brings 'PTSD Of Fighting' - MMA Fighting Haibara Show 5:31 UFC 217: James Vick Wants To Fight Winner Of Pettis Vs. Perez appeared to be struggling with the size difference, but was offered a chance at a breather when Hall got overly excited and shot for a takedown, narrowly avoiding having a point taken. (KABC) - A violent brawl erupted between TikTok star Bryce Hall and YouTuber Austin McBroom during a press conference ahead of their celebrity boxing match. It was after Jackson’s apparent trade request that the Ravens eschewed the exclusive tag that NFL bylaws define as “not free to sign with another club” in favor of the tag for which a “player shall be permitted to negotiate a player contract with any club, except that draft-choice compensation of two first-round draft selections shall be made in the event he signs with a new club.” His March 2 request thus landed five days before the team’s deadline to place a tag on him and five days before the rush of teams insisting “we’re not going for him.” “As of March 2nd,” Jackson tweeted, “I requested a trade from the Ravens organization for which the Ravens has not been interested in meeting my value.” Lamar Jackson's trade request tweet on Monday may have told us more about the past few weeks than the next. Jackson’s tweets introduce another scenario: Had those trade conversations, and back-channel discussions of value and availability, already taken place? Were NFL owners colluding against the trend of fully guaranteed megadeals a year after the Cleveland Browns acquired Deshaun Watson and signed him to a fully guaranteed five-year deal worth $230 million a year ago? Should Jackson be offended by the $32.4 million he’ll earn on the non-exclusive tag rather than the roughly $45 million the exclusive tag would have awarded him? Are the Ravens playing with fire allowing teams to negotiate - albeit with a two first-round draft pick floor - for the services of a 26-year-old former MVP? Why, the question soon became, did so many team sources confirm so quickly and so unusually transparently, that their club was not planning to negotiate for Jackson? That decision spurred a wave of questions. The Ravens officially placed a non-exclusive franchise tag on Jackson at the March 7 deadline. Lamar Jackson reveals curious order of events And it’s possible Jackson’s tweets tell us more about the past month than they will about the next one. While the timing of Jackson’s tweets was fascinating, and the trade-request revelation a cocktail of the impressively assertive and perilously transparent, Jackson’s introductory phrase to that trade request might say even more about the likelihood his request is granted than the existence of the request at all.īecause while we wonder how the Ravens might respond to a request that feels new and fresh to us publicly, it’s possible they and the NFL at large already did. Thirteen and a half minutes elapsed before any non-Jackson related questions would follow. Ravens head coach John Harbaugh was left beginning his news conference with a request for comment on Jackson’s tweets, which he said he hadn’t seen. The thread dropped as NFL team owners, personnel executives and head coaches all converged on the luxury Biltmore hotel for days of meetings … and maybe even conversations about personnel, with key decision-makers all under the same roof. Arizona time - exactly three minutes into the AFC coaches’ 30-minute media window at the NFL’s annual owners meetings. Jackson’s four-tweet thread dropped precisely at 10:48 a.m. PHOENIX - The inevitable headline stemmed from the second tweet, the 11th through 14th words: “ I requested a trade.”Īfter all, it’s not every day that an NFL player, much less an NFL quarterback, and even more unusual a former NFL MVP, breaks his own news that he has requested his franchise trade him.Īnd it wasn’t on just any day or at any time that Lamar Jackson announced publicly that he had requested a trade from the Baltimore Ravens. When it comes to mobile apps, LastPass and Bitwarden offer similar autofill experiences on iPhone and Android.One of the experimental features at the time of this writing will automatically fill in the login details as soon as the login page is opened. On the other hand, Bitwarden is packed with features for advanced users.Instead, LastPass will show you the autofill data directly in the fields.If you are signing up for a new account, you will first need to add the details in the Bitwarden extension and then use them on the webpage.When you want to login to a website using Bitwarden, you will first need to go to your extension and then select login. The browser’s autocomplete feature is a good example. Bitwarden leans towards the utility side, with features designed for power users.Whether it’s because of the design of the web client or how smoothly the autocomplete functionality works with browser extensions. In general, LastPass is easier to use.On the other hand, LastPass was created as a free product for the masses. Bitwarden was developed as a tool for businesses, and it shows.Even if Bitwarden closes in the future, the open source community can still develop the products. And because the code is open source, members of the community can create additional tools that work with Bitwarden data.Bitwarden went through a successful third-party audit using cybersecurity firm Cure53. This means experts can check it online to make sure there are no major security issues. The code that the system runs is available online. What gives Bitwarden a slight edge is the fact that the product is open source. This means that even if your servers get hacked (as LastPass did in 2015), hackers won’t have access to your passwords. None of the companies can see your passwords.
This makes ranching Smooth Hatches an excellent alternative to this time-consuming and dangerous process. The metal refinery produces a lot of heat and heated liquid, requires duplicant operation, and uses a whopping 1.2kW of power. Although they perform less efficiently than the metal refinery, players may find the 25% raw material loss an acceptable price. The player needs to manage and take care. The story begins when three duplicates find themselves in an asteroid with isolated pockets of breathable atmosphere, with no memory of how they got there. It is developed and published by Klei Entertainment. They refine metals more efficiently than the rock crusher, which is time-consuming and produces a fair amount of heat. Oxygen Not Included is a space colony simulation survival video game. Smooth Hatches take some patience to produce, but they are extremely valuable. This provides food while also helping to cull unwanted critters. For example, if a player is breeding Stone Hatches with the hope they will lay Smooth Hatchling eggs, they can set the egg cracker to dispose of Hatchling eggs and Sage Hatchling eggs. Oxygen Not Included is my FAVORITE management game.Play Drakensang Online today FOR FREE and explore the world of Draconia. This information can be viewed by selecting a Hatch and looking under “Egg Chances.” The player can set an egg cracker to the type of egg they do not want. This makes Stone Hatchlings the preferred alternative for coal production because they can convert otherwise unused materials, and only Stone and Smooth Hatches can lay Smooth Hatch eggs.Īs the player’s stable of Hatches evolves in Oxygen Not Included, they will note that the chances of producing particular eggs will increase. Early oxygen production, for example, requires algae, and slime is needed to produce more algae. The 100% conversion rate can be tempting, but it should be noted that organic material has many other uses in the game. Sage Hatches are an excellent choice if a player has a surplus of unused organic material in Oxygen Not Included. Smooth Hatches eat metal ore and excrete refined metal at 75% of consumed mass.Stone Hatches eat raw minerals and metal ore and excrete coal at 50% of consumed mass. Definition How it works Disorders Causes of dysfunction Summary Thermoregulation is the biological mechanism responsible for maintaining a steady internal body temperature.Sage Hatches eat raw minerals and organic material and excrete coal at 100% of consumed mass.Standard Hatches eat raw minerals and food and excrete coal at 50% of consumed mass.Below is a breakdown of Hatch variants' consumption and excretion rates, based on the assumption that the critter is happy: Different variants of Hatch in Oxygen Not Included will produce materials in different volumes. This letter must be discounted as evidence for early German use of chlorine, however, because the date "2 January 1915" may have been hastily scribbled instead of the intended "2 January 1916," the sort of common typographical error that is often made at the beginning of a new year. It may appear from a feldpost letter of Major Karl von Zingler that the first chlorine gas attack by German forces took place before 2 January 1915: "In other war theatres it does not go better and it has been said that our Chlorine is very effective. In cooperation with Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin, they began developing methods of discharging chlorine gas against enemy trenches. German chemical companies BASF, Hoechst and Bayer (which formed the IG Farben conglomerate in 1925) had been making chlorine as a by-product of their dye manufacturing. At high concentrations and prolonged exposure it can cause death by asphyxiation. Chlorine is a powerful irritant that can inflict damage to the eyes, nose, throat and lungs. The first killing agent was chlorine, used by the German military. Instead of vaporizing, the chemical froze and failed to have the desired effect. The first instance of large-scale use of gas as a weapon was on 31 January 1915, when Germany fired 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas on Russian positions on the Rawka River, west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov. 1915: Large-scale use and lethal gases Russian Red Cross nurses tend to gassed Russians brought from the front lines, 1915 None of the combatants considered the use of tear gas to be in conflict with the Hague Treaty of 1899, which specifically prohibited the launching of projectiles containing asphyxiating or poisonous gas. In October 1914, German troops fired fragmentation shells filled with a chemical irritant against British positions at Neuve Chapelle the concentration achieved was so small that it too was barely noticed. As bromine was scarce among the Entente allies, the active ingredient was changed to chloroacetone. The stocks were rapidly consumed and by November a new order was placed by the French military. The small quantities of gas delivered, roughly 19 cm 3 (1.2 cu in) per cartridge, were not even detected by the Germans. During World War I, the French Army was the first to employ tear gas, using 26 mm grenades filled with ethyl bromoacetate in August 1914. The most frequently used chemicals during World War I were tear-inducing irritants rather than fatal or disabling poison. See also: Weapons of World War I 1914: Tear gas Widespread horror and public revulsion at the use of gas and its consequences led to far less use of chemical weapons by combatants during World War II. The use of poison gas by all major belligerents throughout World War I constituted war crimes as its use violated the 1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases and the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare, which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. The widespread use of these agents of chemical warfare, and wartime advances in the composition of high explosives, gave rise to an occasionally expressed view of World War I as "the chemist's war" and also the era where weapons of mass destruction were created. In the later stages of the war, as the use of gas increased, its overall effectiveness diminished. Gas was unlike most other weapons of the period because it was possible to develop countermeasures, such as gas masks. The killing capacity of gas was limited, with about 90,000 fatalities from a total of 1.3 million casualties caused by gas attacks. This chemical warfare was a major component of the first global war and first total war of the 20th century. The types of weapons employed ranged from disabling chemicals, such as tear gas, to lethal agents like phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas. They were primarily used to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders, against whom the indiscriminate and generally very slow-moving or static nature of gas clouds would be most effective. The use of toxic chemicals as weapons dates back thousands of years, but the first large-scale use of chemical weapons was during World War I. A French gas attack on German trenches in Flanders, Belgium (1917). |
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